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In the finishing stage of a turning operation, the last thing an operator wants to do is scrap a part because of poor surface finish quality, and the factory also needs to consider many factors to improve the surface finish and meet customer requirements. The right blade and cutting parameters are essential, but so is taking a holistic approach to producing a better surface finish. Take a holistic approach It is important to take into account all the steps, from roughing all the way to finishing, because they are all interconnected, interrelated and interdependent, such as the margin you want to leave for finishing and semi-finishing before starting rough. In order to ensure a high quality surface finish, the operator needs to remove the appropriate amount of material during the roughing and semi-finishing stages so that the finishing can be carried out with few or fewer errors. Any problem can result in poor surface quality. Roughing will process most of the blank margin, so that the finishing tool will not have pressure, and the reasonable matching of the roughing margin also prevents premature damage to the finishing tool. Many factories are more willing to roughing the use of more aggressive feed parameters, which may lead to large burrs on the wall of the part, which is difficult to break. If these burrs are found on a part during a finishing operation, they can be very hard (producing chip nodules), resulting in a very short blade life. Roughing tools should be programmed to remove notched burrs and should provide a good surface to be machined for the finishing stage." If these burrs are found on a part during a finishing operation, they can be very hard (producing chip nodules), resulting in a very short blade life. Roughing tools should be programmed to remove notched burrs and should provide a good surface to be machined for the finishing stage." How to improve the finish of the turning surface 2023-11-06 10:04:03 In the finishing stage of a turning operation, the last thing an operator wants to do is scrap a part because of poor surface finish quality, and the factory also needs to consider many factors to improve the surface finish and meet customer requirements. The right blade and cutting parameters are essential, but so is taking a holistic approach to producing a better surface finish. Take a holistic approach It is important to take into account all the steps, from roughing all the way to finishing, because they are all interconnected, interrelated and interdependent, such as the margin you want to leave for finishing and semi-finishing before starting rough. In order to ensure a high quality surface finish, the operator needs to remove the appropriate amount of material during the roughing and semi-finishing stages so that the finishing can be carried out with few or fewer errors. Any problem can result in poor surface quality. Roughing will process most of the blank margin, so that the finishing tool will not have pressure, and the reasonable matching of the roughing margin also prevents premature damage to the finishing tool. Many factories are more willing to roughing the use of more aggressive feed parameters, which may lead to large burrs on the wall of the part, which is difficult to break. If these burrs are found on a part during a finishing operation, they can be very hard (producing chip nodules), resulting in a very short blade life. Roughing tools should be programmed to remove notched burrs and should provide a good surface to be machined for the finishing stage." If you look at a functioning machine tool or mild steel turning process, the operator needs to produce a surface finish good enough at an early stage to achieve the necessary surface finish, and if you start working with hardened steel parts, the surface finish that is rough-rolled before heat treatment will greatly affect the final surface finish after heat treatment. Select the right feed and speed In finishing, you will use a higher surface feed, so the speed is faster and the feed speed is lower. And, in general, your cutting depth will be smaller. But it's also important that you make sure that the feed speed is consistent with the surface finish you want. If the feed speed is too slow, it will cause excessive friction and premature wear of the blade, resulting in poor surface finish. The faster cutting speed helps to raise the temperature slightly, resulting in a better surface finish. It also prevents the material from sticking to the top or surface of the tool. Compared to roughing applications, the operator should increase the speed slightly, but not too much, otherwise it will have the opposite effect. If there is a chip on the side of the blade, the feed should be increased. Many brands tend to slow down compared to roughing applications, which is a common mistake in finishing operations. Increasing speed is necessary to obtain a high quality surface finish. 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Take a holistic approach It is important to take into account all the steps, from roughing all the way to finishing, because they are all interconnected, interrelated and interdependent, such as the margin you want to leave for finishing and semi-finishing before starting rough. In order to ensure a high quality surface finish, the operator needs to remove the appropriate amount of material during the roughing and semi-finishing stages so that the finishing can be carried out with few or fewer errors. Any problem can result in poor surface quality. Roughing will process most of the blank margin, so that the finishing tool will not have pressure, and the reasonable matching of the roughing margin also prevents premature damage to the finishing tool. Many factories are more willing to roughing the use of more aggressive feed parameters, which may lead to large burrs on the wall of the part, which is difficult to break. If these burrs are found on a part during a finishing operation, they can be very hard (producing chip nodules), resulting in a very short blade life. Roughing tools should be programmed to remove notched burrs and should provide a good surface to be machined for the finishing stage." If you look at a functioning machine tool or mild steel turning process, the operator needs to produce a surface finish good enough at an early stage to achieve the necessary surface finish, and if you start working with hardened steel parts, the surface finish that is rough-rolled before heat treatment will greatly affect the final surface finish after heat treatment. In finishing, you will use a higher surface feed, so the speed is faster and the feed speed is lower. And, in general, your cutting depth will be smaller. But it's also important that you make sure that the feed speed is consistent with the surface finish you want. If the feed speed is too slow, it will cause excessive friction and premature wear of the blade, resulting in poor surface finish. The faster cutting speed helps to raise the temperature slightly, resulting in a better surface finish. It also prevents the material from sticking to the top or surface of the tool. Compared to roughing applications, the operator should increase the speed slightly, but not too much, otherwise it will have the opposite effect. If there is a chip on the side of the blade, the feed should be increased. Many brands tend to slow down compared to roughing applications, which is a common mistake in finishing operations. Increasing speed is necessary to obtain a high quality surface finish. Excessive dimensional tolerances can reduce the contact area between the blade (for example, a WNMG blade) and the slot, causing the slot to move. This causes microvibrations, which have a negative impact on the surface finish. Determining the correct cutting depth will help the stability of the turning process. Too small a cutting depth causes the tip radius to apply all the force radially to the part, which causes vibration and negatively affects the surface finish. It is also important not to recommend excessive depth of cutting, as most of the material should be removed during rough and medium machining stages. You usually want a light depth of cut and a low feed speed. Choose the right brand of knives The use of branded blades helps to produce better cutting results. Another aspect that can be discussed with the blade manufacturer about new applications will help to determine which blade will produce a high quality surface finish in the turning operation, so as to select the right blade. Machining conditions and part material determine which type of blade is suitable, but some general characteristics can be recommended during the finishing stage. As long as the part geometry allows, a larger radius is usually preferred when finishing. The larger radius helps smooth the material more effectively, almost like a wiper. With a larger tip radius, you can slightly increase the feed speed while still maintaining a high surface quality. However, in thin-wall applications, smaller tip radii reduce radial cutting forces, which can cause deflection and vibration, which negatively affects surface finish. The shape of the blade has a great influence on the initial chip formation and surface finish. The role of polishing edge in machining The use of branded blades helps to produce better cutting results. Another aspect that can be discussed with the blade manufacturer about new applications will help to determine which blade will produce a high quality surface finish in the turning operation, so as to select the right blade. Machining conditions and part material determine which type of blade is suitable, but some general characteristics can be recommended during the finishing stage. As long as the part geometry allows, a larger radius is usually preferred when finishing. The larger radius helps smooth the material more effectively, almost like a wiper. With a larger tip radius, you can slightly increase the feed speed while still maintaining a high surface quality. However, in thin-wall applications, smaller tip radii reduce radial cutting forces, which can cause deflection and vibration, which negatively affects surface finish. The shape of the blade has a great influence on the initial chip formation and surface finish. Select the appropriate chip-breaker Choosing the right chip-breaker is also the key point. When the blade is involved in cutting, the top surface of the blade is directly related to the material processing and chip area. So if you get a shallower cut depth at a lower feed speed, the chute will look different than if you get a deeper cut depth at a higher feed speed. You need to choose the right chip breaker for the material, as chip breaker is critical to maintaining a consistently good surface finish, especially on multiple parts. The thinner the coating, the better An overlooked aspect of this process is how the grade of the blade affects the surface finish, especially as it relates to the coating. When it comes to physical vapor deposition (PVD) versus chemical vapor deposition (CVD) coatings, CVD coatings tend to be much thicker than PVD coatings. Compared to thinner coatings, thicker coatings can present a greater challenge in producing high-quality surface finish, every time. Due to the adhesion of the coating, PVD produces a better surface finish than the CVD coating. PVD blades have a complete coating on all surfaces, while chemical vapor deposition reduces the coating on the microgeometry, thereby changing the shape of the microgeometry. How to control chips For most turning operations, it is recommended that the high-pressure coolant be directed at the cutting edge. This helps remove chips from the cutting area. Chip control is essential to maintain a high quality finish. Removing chips prevents the tool from touching the chips again, which can damage the cutting edge of the tool. It also prevents chips from curling around the tool and moving on the surface of the workpiece, which can cause scratches or blemishes in polishing. "The coolant helps keep parts and tools cool so you can cut faster, and if high-pressure cooling is not possible, conventional or internal cooling is the best option." Coolant is not recommended for all applications. For turning hardened materials - any material exceeding HRC50 - ceramic tool coolant should be avoided as it has a tendency to heat shock the tool, which can cause the tool to crack. However, if the material is on the soft side, the coolant can be used with a ceramic blade. Chip control is essential because in this process, we need to heat the chips. But you also need a large enough cutting area. If the cutting area is reduced, the mass that takes heat away from the cutting area is reduced and you will start to see the effects of chemical wear, side wear and pitting wear on the blade. When you think about surface polishing, chip control really becomes a challenge. That's why you have to choose the right geometry and maintain the proper cutting parameters for the given application. Rigidity is also important Many people agree that the tool bar and fixture play an important role in obtaining a high quality surface finish. If the fixture is not rigid enough, it can cause vibration, which can affect the finish. It is also important to ensure that the knife holder has the shortest possible overhang to help maintain its rigidity. The workpiece and tool should be adequately supported so that there is no vibration during finishing. One thing that a lot of people don't necessarily think about is how the blade got on the knife holder. The design of the knife holder can play an important role. An overly open clip reduces the contact area between the blade and the clip (e.g., WNMG blades), thereby bringing motion into the clip. This causes micro-vibrations, which negatively affects the surface finish. The movement of the tool also makes it difficult to maintain dimensional tolerances of the part. The tool holder should match the dimensional tolerance of the blade and be kept in good condition. There should be no wear or deformation, as even the slightest movement can have undesirable consequences. Use in accordance with good processing methods The best way to produce a good surface finish is to start with the blade manufacturer and follow the manufacturer's recommendations, which would be a good start. We can make adjustments in the trial, but these suggestions are only suitable for experienced operators, so you should accumulate professional knowledge. Selecting a blade with a positive front Angle is preferred for finishing. The positive front Angle helps produce a sharp blade to cut through the material. For the roughing stage, a negative front Angle can be recommended, as it will apply more force behind the cutting edge to remove more material, providing a better starting point for the finishing stage. Another thing to consider here is the directional force, in the final stage you want to apply as much force as possible along the axis of the part, as this will give you the stability you need. Choosing a blade with an entry Angle close to 0° will give you more force along the axis, but you also need to increase the back backlash of the blade for a high-quality surface finish. Tangential force is an important factor in the machining process. Tangential force, that is, axial force plus radial force, can be regarded as a constant when turning. If the operation folds increase the axial force, they reduce the effect of the radial force, which allows them to maintain better tolerances and reduce microvibrations because of reduced natural instability. This is not necessarily a consideration at the roughing and semi-finishing stages of the process. Finally, note that the direction of the cutting tool is also important, you want to ensure that the operating force is directed into the well-supported part of the part, machining away from the support will cause vibration, which will also affect the tool life, and your surface finish will definitely be affected.

Drilling and tapping center is an important machining equipment, which is widely used in modern industrial production. Its high efficiency and accuracy make it a key link in the industrial manufacturing process. This paper will introduce the working principle of drilling and tapping center, its application field and its importance to modern industry. The drilling and tapping center is a kind of CNC machine tool, which is mainly composed of fuselage, workbench, spindle, tool library and control system. It is capable of precise movement on three coordinate axes and high-speed rotation through the spindle. During the machining process, the drilling and tapping center can perform operations such as drilling and tapping. Its working principle is through the control system instructions, so that the machine tool according to the predetermined path and processing parameters for automatic processing. Drilling and tapping centers are widely used in machinery manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, aerospace, electronic appliances and other fields. In mechanical manufacturing, the drilling and tapping center can be used for machining the holes and tapping of parts to improve the accuracy and quality of products. In automotive manufacturing, drilling and tapping centers can be used for machining engine parts and manufacturing chassis parts. In the aerospace field, drilling and tapping centers can be used for the machining of aircraft engine parts and the manufacture of spacecraft structural parts. In the electronic and electrical industry, the drilling and tapping center can be used for the drilling of circuit boards and the processing of parts. Importance to modern industry Drilling and tapping centers play an important role in modern industry. First, it improves the efficiency and accuracy of processing. Traditional drilling and tapping often require multiple tool changes and adjustments, but the drilling and tapping center can automatically switch different tools through the tool library to achieve a variety of continuous operations. Secondly, the drilling and tapping center has a high degree of automation, reducing the need for manual operation and improving production efficiency. In addition, the accuracy and stability of the drilling center ensure product quality and consistency. As an efficient and accurate CNC machine tool, drilling and tapping center plays an important role in modern industry. Its working principle and wide application fields make it an indispensable link in industrial manufacturing. With the continuous development of technology, the drilling and tapping Center will continue to innovate and improve, bringing more progress and development to modern industry.

In the process of deep hole processing, there are often problems such as the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece, surface quality and tool life, how to reduce or even avoid these problems, is our current problem to be solved, the following summarizes the 10 common problems and solutions in deep hole processing. 1 The aperture increases, the error is large 1) Cause The design value of the outside diameter of the reamer is too large or the cutting edge of the reamer has burrs; Cutting speed is too high; Improper feed amount or excessive processing allowance; Reamer main deflection Angle is too large; The reamer bends; There are chip nodules sticking on the cutting edge of reamer. During grinding, the swing difference of the cutting edge is out of whack; Cutting fluid selection is not appropriate; When installing the reamer, the oil on the surface of the taper handle is not wiped clean or the cone surface is bruised; The flat tail of the taper shank is offset into the conical interference of the rear taper shank of the machine tool spindle; Spindle bent or spindle bearing too loose or damaged; Reamer floating is not flexible; It is not coaxial with the workpiece and the hand reaming force is not uniform, so that the reamer shakes around. 2) Solution Reduce the outside diameter of the reamer appropriately according to the specific situation; Reduce cutting speed; Adjust the feed rate appropriately or reduce the processing allowance; Appropriately reduce the main declination Angle; Unserviceable reamer that has been straightened or scrapped for bending; Carefully trim with a whetstone; Control the swing difference within the allowable range; Select cutting fluid with good cooling performance; Before installing the reamer, the oil inside the reamer taper handle and the spindle taper hole of the machine tool must be wiped clean, and the bump on the cone surface should be polished with oil stone; Trim flat reamer tail; Adjust or replace the main shaft bearing; Readjust the floating card head and adjust the coaxiality; Pay attention to correct operation. 2 Aperture reduction 1) Cause The design value of the outside diameter of the reamer is too small; Cutting speed is too low; Excessive feed; The main deflection Angle of reamer is too small; Cutting fluid selection is not appropriate; The wear part of the reamer is not worn off during sharpening, and the elastic recovery reduces the aperture. When reaming steel parts, the margin is too large or the reamer is not sharp, it is easy to produce elastic recovery, so that the aperture is reduced and the inner hole is not round, and the aperture is unqualified. 2) Solution Change the outside diameter of the reamer; Appropriately increase the cutting speed; Appropriately reduce the feed rate; Appropriately increase the main declination Angle; Select oily cutting fluid with good lubrication performance; Regular exchange of reamer, correct sharpening of reamer cutting parts; When designing the reamer size, the above factors should be considered, or the value should be based on the actual situation; For experimental cutting, take the appropriate margin and sharpen the reamer. 3 The hinged inner hole is not round 1) Cause The reamer is too long, the rigidity is not enough, and the vibration occurs during reamer. The main deflection Angle of reamer is too small; Hinge cutting edge belt narrow; Deviation of reaming allowance; The surface of the inner hole has notches and cross holes; There are sand holes and stomata on the surface of holes. The main shaft bearing is loose, there is no guide sleeve, or the clearance between the reamer and the guide sleeve is too large, and the workpiece is deformed after unloading due to the tight clamping of the thin-walled workpiece. 2) Solution The reamer with unequal pitch can be used for the reamer with insufficient rigidity, and the installation of the reamer should adopt rigid connection to increase the main deflection Angle; Select qualified reamer to control hole position tolerance in pre-machining process; The use of unequal pitch reamer, the use of longer, more precise guide sleeve; Selection of qualified blanks; When the same pitch reamer is used to reamer more precise holes, the spindle clearance of the machine tool should be adjusted, and the matching clearance of the guide sleeve should be required to be higher or appropriate clamping method should be adopted to reduce the clamping force. 4 The inner surface of the hole has a distinct edge 1) Cause Excessive reaming allowance; The rear Angle of the cutting part of the reamer is too large; Hinge cutting edge belt is too wide; The surface of the workpiece has pores, sand holes and the spindle swing difference is too large. 2) Solution Reduce reaming allowance; Reduce the back Angle of the cutting part; Grinding edge band width; Select qualified blank; Adjust the machine spindle. 5 The surface roughness of the inner hole is high 1) Cause Cutting speed is too high; Cutting fluid selection is not appropriate; The main deflection Angle of the reamer is too large, and the cutting edge of the reamer is not in the same circle; Reaming margin is too large; The reaming allowance is uneven or too small, and the local surface is not reamed to; The swing of the cutting part of the reamer is abnormal, the cutting edge is not sharp, and the surface is rough; Hinge cutting edge belt is too wide; Chip discharge is not smooth when reaming; Excessive reamer wear; The reamer is injured, the cutting edge has burrs or broken edges; There are chip nodules at the cutting edge; Not suitable for zero or negative front Angle reamers due to material. 2) Solution Reduce cutting speed; Select the cutting fluid according to the processing material; The main declination Angle should be reduced properly and the cutting edge should be sharpened correctly. Appropriately reduce the reaming allowance; Improve the position accuracy and quality of the bottom hole before reaming or increase the reaming margin; Selection of qualified reamer; Grinding edge band width; According to the specific situation, reduce the number of reamer teeth, increase the space of chip slot or adopt the reamer with the Angle of edge to make the chip removal smooth; Replace the reamer regularly and remove the grinding area when sharpening; During the sharpening, use and transportation of the reamer, protective measures should be taken to avoid injury; The damaged reamer should be repaired or replaced with extra fine oil stone. Trim with a whetstone and use a reamer with a front Angle of 5°-10°. 6 The service life of the reamer is low 1) Cause Reamer material is not suitable; The reamer is burned during sharpening; The cutting fluid selection is not appropriate, the cutting fluid does not flow smoothly, and the surface roughness value of the cutting place and the surface roughness after grinding of the reaming cutting tool is too high. 2) Solution The reamer material can be selected according to the processing material, carbide reamer or coated reamer can be used; Strictly control the cutting amount of grinding to avoid burns; The cutting fluid is often correctly selected according to the machining material; Often remove the chips in the chip tank, with enough pressure cutting fluid, through fine grinding or grinding to meet the requirements. 7 The precision of the reamed hole position is out of tolerance 1) Cause Guide sleeve wear; The bottom end of the guide sleeve is too far from the workpiece; Short guide sleeve length, poor accuracy and loose main shaft bearing. 2) Solution Replace guide sleeve regularly; Lengthening guide sleeve to improve the matching accuracy of guide sleeve and reamer clearance; Timely maintenance of machine tools, adjust spindle bearing clearance. 8 Reamer teeth cracked 1) Cause Excessive reaming allowance; Workpiece material hardness is too high; The swing difference of cutting edge is too large, and the cutting load is not uniform; The main deflection Angle of the reamer is too small, which increases the cutting width. When reaming deep holes or blind holes, there are too many chips, which are not removed in time, and the teeth of the tool are worn and cracked during sharpening. 2) Solution Modify the premachined aperture size; Reduce material hardness or switch to negative front Angle reamer or carbide reamer; Control the swing difference within the qualified range; Increase the main deflection Angle; Pay attention to remove chips in time or use Angle reamer with edge; Pay attention to sharpening quality. 9 Reamer handle is broken 1) Cause Excessive reaming allowance; When reaming taper holes, the allocation of coarse and fine reaming allowance and the selection of cutting parameters are not appropriate. Reamer tooth chip space is small, chip blocking. 2) Solution Modify the premachined aperture size; Modify the allowance allocation and select the cutting quantity reasonably; Reduce the number of reamer teeth, increase the chip space or sharpen the gap between cutter teeth to remove one tooth. 10 The center line of the reaming hole is not straight 1) Cause The deflection of the hole before reaming, especially when the aperture is small, can not correct the original bending degree due to the poor rigidity of the reamer; Reamer main deflection Angle is too large; Poor guidance, so that the reamer is easy to deviate from the direction in the reamer; The cutting part of the taper is too large; The reamer displaces in the middle gap of the intermittent hole; When reaming by hand, excessive force in one direction forces the reamer to tilt towards one end, destroying the verticality of the reaming. 2) Solution Add reaming or boring process correction holes; Reduce the main declination Angle; Adjust the appropriate reamer; Replace a reamer with a guide part or a lengthening cutting part; Pay attention to correct operation.

The main skills of drilling processing The main skills of drilling processing 2023-10-20 10:00:48 1 Coolant use tips The correct use of coolant is crucial to achieving good drilling performance, which directly affects chip removal, tool life and the quality of the machining hole. (1) The use of coolant 1) Internal cooling design The internal cooling design is always the first choice to avoid chip clogging, especially when working with long chip materials and drilling deeper holes (greater than 3 times the diameter). For horizontal drill bits, when the coolant flows out of the bit, there should be no cutting fluid flushing down the length of at least 30cm. 2) External cooling design External coolant can be used when the chip is well formed and the hole depth is shallow. To improve chip removal, at least one coolant nozzle (or two if non-rotating) should be located close to the tool axis. 3) Dry drilling technique, no coolant used Dry drilling is generally not recommended. a) Can be used for short chip material and hole depth up to 3 times the diameter of the application b) Suitable for horizontal machine tools c) It is recommended to reduce the cutting speed d) Tool life will be reduced It is recommended not to use dry drilling for: a) Stainless steel materials (ISO M and S) b) Interchangeable bit The main skills of drilling processing 2023-10-20 10:00:48 1 Coolant use tips The correct use of coolant is crucial to achieving good drilling performance, which directly affects chip removal, tool life and the quality of the machining hole. (1) The use of coolant 1) Internal cooling design The internal cooling design is always the first choice to avoid chip clogging, especially when working with long chip materials and drilling deeper holes (greater than 3 times the diameter). For horizontal drill bits, when the coolant flows out of the bit, there should be no cutting fluid flushing down the length of at least 30cm. 1697766957400675.png 2) External cooling design External coolant can be used when the chip is well formed and the hole depth is shallow. To improve chip removal, at least one coolant nozzle (or two if non-rotating) should be located close to the tool axis. 1697766973185327.png 3) Dry drilling technique, no coolant used Dry drilling is generally not recommended. a) Can be used for short chip material and hole depth up to 3 times the diameter of the application b) Suitable for horizontal machine tools c) It is recommended to reduce the cutting speed d) Tool life will be reduced It is recommended not to use dry drilling for: a) Stainless steel materials (ISO M and S) b) Interchangeable bit 1697766991803396.png 4) High-pressure cooling (HPC) (~70 bar) The benefits of using high-pressure coolant are: a) Longer tool life due to enhanced cooling effect b) Improve the chip removal effect in the processing of stainless steel equal length chip materials, and may extend the tool life c) Better chip removal performance, so higher safety d) Provide sufficient flow according to the given pressure and hole size to maintain the coolant supply (2) The use of coolant skills Be sure to use soluble cutting oil (emulsion) with EP (extreme pressure) additive. To ensure the best tool life, the oil content in the oil-water mixture should be between 5-12% (between 10-15% for stainless steel and superalloy materials). When increasing the oil content of the cutting fluid, be sure to check with an oil separator to ensure that the recommended oil content is not exceeded. When conditions permit, the internal coolant is always preferred over the external cooling liquid. The net oil improves lubrication and benefits when drilling stainless steel applications. Be sure to use with EP additives. Solid carbide bits and indexable blade bits can use clean oil and achieve good results. Compressed air, mist cutting fluid or MQL (micro-lubrication) can be a successful choice in stable conditions, especially when machining certain cast iron and aluminum alloys. Since the increase in temperature can in turn negatively affect the tool life, it is recommended to reduce the cutting speed.

How to judge the right machining center to choose the right machining center to consider the following factors: Processing needs: First of all, you need to clarify what your processing needs are, such as the type of materials that need to be processed, processing accuracy requirements, processing size range, etc. Different processing centers have different processing capabilities and scope of application, so you need to choose the right processing center according to your own needs. Processing capacity: It is very important to understand the processing capacity of the machining center. Including the maximum processing size, maximum load capacity, processing accuracy, processing speed and other indicators. According to their own processing needs, choose their own processing capabilities. Equipment quality and stability: The equipment quality and stability of the machining center have a great impact on the quality and efficiency of the processing. Choosing a brand or manufacturer with good reputation and reputation can improve the quality and stability of the equipment. Price and cost performance: The price of the machining center is an important consideration. You need to choose cost-effective equipment according to your budget and needs. At the same time, you also need to consider the maintenance cost of the equipment and follow-up services. After-sales service: It is also important to choose a supplier that provides good after-sales service. Including the equipment warranty period, repair and maintenance services, technical support, etc. This ensures that the equipment is supported and maintained in a timely manner during use. To sum up, choosing the right processing center for you needs to consider factors such as processing demand, processing capacity, equipment quality and stability, price and cost performance, and after-sales service. You can consult a professional or manufacturer before buying to learn more about the relevant information so that you can make an informed choice.

The CNC system of CNC machine tools can be divided into two categories: closed-loop system and open-loop system. The closed-loop system is a system that monitors the position, speed, force and other parameters in the machining process through sensors in real time, and feedbacks these information to the CNC system for real-time adjustment. The closed-loop system ensures machining accuracy and stability and improves machining quality. It is similar to the human nervous system, which can sense and adjust the motion of the machine tool in time. The commonly used sensors in closed-loop systems include encoders, displacement sensors and force sensors. Open-loop system is the exponential control system only according to the preset program for motion control, there is no real-time feedback to adjust the machine tool motion state. The open-loop system is similar to the human muscle system, which can only move according to preset actions, and cannot sense and adjust its own state. The open-loop system is suitable for some machining tasks with low precision requirements, such as simple drilling and milling. Closed loop system and open loop system have advantages and disadvantages, according to the different machining tasks, you can choose the suitable CNC system. The closed-loop system can improve machining accuracy and stability, and is suitable for tasks requiring high machining quality. The open-loop system is more simple and convenient, and is suitable for some simple processing tasks. All in all, the CNC system of CNC machine tools is classified into closed-loop system and open-loop system. The closed-loop system monitors and adjusts the motion state of the machine tool through the sensor in real time to improve the machining accuracy and stability; The open-loop system can only control the motion according to the preset program, which is suitable for some simple machining tasks. According to the different machining tasks, the suitable CNC system can be selected to improve the processing efficiency and quality. CNC machine tool CNC system brand can be divided into two categories of domestic brands and international brands. Domestic brands refer to CNC system manufacturers with a certain influence in the domestic market, and they have made certain achievements in CNC technology research and development and manufacturing. The CNC system of domestic brands has high cost performance and adaptability, and can meet the needs of the domestic market. Common domestic brands include Huazhong numerical control, Guangdong numerical control, Shenyang machine tools and so on. International brands refer to CNC system manufacturers that enjoy a high reputation and market share in the international market. They have a leading edge in CNC technology research and development and product quality to meet the needs of the global market. International brands of CNC systems usually have higher accuracy, stability and reliability. Common international brands include Siemens, Famac, Haas and so on. Domestic brands and international brands have their own advantages and characteristics. Domestic brands have high cost performance and adaptability, suitable for some small and medium-sized enterprises and low-end markets; The international brand has higher accuracy, stability and reliability, which is suitable for some high-end markets and enterprises with high processing quality requirements. All in all, the CNC machine tool CNC system brand can be divided into domestic brands and international brands. Domestic brands have higher cost performance and adaptability, while international brands have higher accuracy, stability and reliability. According to the needs and budget of the enterprise, the suitable brand of CNC system can be selected to improve the processing efficiency and quality.

With the development of cnc thread milling process, especially the advent of three-axis machining center, CNC thread milling process has gradually been widely recognized by the machining industry. In addition, it is well known that threads can be obtained through traditional thread machining methods that we are familiar with, of which tapping is most similar to thread milling. Because they all form threads through the relative rotational motion between the tool and the workpiece. So when faced with different working conditions, how to choose the right way? This article tells you exactly what they mean. CNC thread milling conditions: 1. Three-axis linkage (or more) machining center 2. The thread length shall not exceed 3 times the cutting edge of the tool Advantages of CNC thread milling 1. Thread milling cutter can process threads of different diameters and the same shape. For example, machining M15x1.0, M18x1.0, M20x1.0 threads by changing the interpolation radius with the thread milling cutter can reduce the number of tools, save tool change time, improve efficiency and simplify tool management. 2. Improved thread accuracy and finish. Thread milling is accomplished by high-speed rotation of the tool and spindle interpolation. The cutting mode is milling, the cutting speed is fast, and the thread processed is beautiful; Tap cutting speed is low, chip is long, easy to damage the surface of the inner hole. 3. Easy discharge of internal thread. The milling thread is chip breaking, the chip is short, and the diameter of the machining tool is less than the diameter of the machining thread hole, so the chip removal is smooth; When the tap is continuously cut, the chip is long, and the diameter of the tap is as large as the machining hole, so the chip is difficult to remove. 4. If you use a tap, of course, you can use an electric spark to break the broken part, but the process will be very complicated, and there will be losses if the parts are damaged. If the thread milling cutter is used, first of all, it is not easy to break because of the small force; Even if broken, because the diameter of the machining hole is larger than the diameter of the tool, the broken part can be easily removed. In terms of product yield, thread milling is much higher than tapping. 5. Forming sticky chips is not easy. For softer materials, it is easy to produce viscous chips during processing, but thread milling will rotate at high speed and break chips. Tap cutting speed is low, full thread and machining surface work, easy to cause sticky chips. 6. Require low machine power. 7. Due to thread milling chip breaking, tool part contact, cutting force is small, tap completely thread contact, force is large, the machine needs high power. 8. Tool breakage is easy to deal with. First of all, the thread milling cutter has a small force and rarely breaks. If this happens, because the machining aperture is larger than the tool, the broken part is easy to take out; Tap force is large, chip removal is not smooth, easy to break, and large hole after breaking. It's a little easier to handle, but a lot more troublesome if it's a small hole, such as: When machining common threads, thread milling is not cost-effective considering the cost per piece. Ordinary threads are classified as threads with a general hardness of less than 50HRC and a diameter of less than 38 mm, although this is not a clear dividing line. Ordinary taps are generally high-speed steel materials, the market price is tens of dollars, but the price of thread milling cutter is more than 10 times its price, and the life of a single piece can not exceed 10 times. Secondly, the aspect ratio cannot be too large, usually L/D <3. Because the thread milling cutter has a unilateral force, when the thread is too long, the length-to-diameter ratio will produce a taper, and the tool can easily break. CNC thread milling is used 1. High hardness material processing (hardness > 50HRC), suitable for thread milling, because milling chip breaking, local contact tool is small, the blade is made of cemented carbide, small wear, long service life; The general high-speed steel tap can not be processed at all, such as the use of integral carbide tap, the price is not cheap, and the price of thread milling cutter is similar. According to our existing machining experience, the efficiency and economy of thread milling is definitely higher than that of tap. 2. Compound hole (with chamfer) machining is also suitable for thread milling. Thread milling cutters have many features that can be integrated into threads and chamferes. 3. Thin wall processing, suitable for thread milling, thread milling cutter processing force is small, so small deformation. In addition, the bottom hole can be made flat, and the thread can be close to the bottom hole, so the required space is small. 4. For processing with high thread accuracy, thread milling has higher thread speed, good chip removal performance, higher thread accuracy and higher finish, which is more suitable for thread milling. 5. Soft material, titanium alloy processing, suitable for thread milling, because the thread milling cutter is not easy to produce viscous debris. For unstable cutting, thread milling cutter can fully adapt to this situation, because its cutting principle is itself intermittent milling. Please mark the source of 158 machine tool network Related products

The Y axis of the CNC lathe is a mechanical coordinate axis used to control the movement of the workpiece in the longitudinal direction during the turning process. It is an important part of the CNC lathe, which plays the role of positioning and controlling the position of the workpiece. The movement of the Y-axis is the movement relative to the spindle of the lathe, usually moving in the longitudinal direction of the lathe. By controlling the Y axis, the longitudinal cutting and machining of the workpiece can be realized. On CNC lathes, the Y-axis is usually driven by a servo motor, which sends instructions through the CNC system to control the movement of the Y-axis. The precise control of the Y-axis is very important to ensure the machining quality and accuracy of the workpiece. It can realize the precise positioning and cutting of the workpiece, making the machining process more efficient, accurate and stable. At the same time, the Y-axis can also realize a variety of processing methods, such as turning, boring, boring, etc., which improves the processing ability and flexibility of CNC lathes. In addition to its application in CNC lathes, Y-axis is also widely used in other mechanical equipment, such as CNC milling machines, CNC grinding machines and so on. Its motion accuracy and control ability directly affect the quality and efficiency of workpiece processing, therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to accurately debug and calibrate the Y-axis to ensure its normal operation and stability. In short, the Y-axis is an important part of the CNC lathe, through accurate control and movement, to achieve the longitudinal cutting and processing of the workpiece. It plays a vital role in the field of machining and is of great significance for improving processing efficiency and quality. The Y axis of CNC lathes plays a crucial role in the machining process. It mainly has the following functions: 1. Realize the longitudinal cutting and processing of the workpiece: the Y-axis controls the movement of the workpiece in the longitudinal direction during the turning process, so that the tool can be cut and processed on the workpiece lengthwise. By precisely controlling the movement of the Y axis, the precise positioning and cutting of the workpiece can be achieved to ensure the processing quality and accuracy. 2. Improve processing efficiency and stability: the precise control and movement of the Y-axis can make the processing more efficient and stable. It can achieve fast workpiece positioning and movement, reduce the time of process adjustment, and improve processing efficiency. At the same time, the stable movement of the Y axis can ensure the machining quality and consistency of the workpiece. 3, to achieve a variety of processing methods: the movement of the Y axis can not only achieve longitudinal cutting, but also achieve a variety of other processing methods, such as boring, boring, etc. This can improve the processing capacity and flexibility of CNC lathes to meet the processing needs of different workpieces. 4. Support the processing of complex workpieces: some workpieces require complex processing operations, such as bevels, threads, etc. The control of the Y-axis can make the tool cut precisely along the longitudinal direction of the workpiece, and realize the precise control of the machining and shape of the complex workpiece. To sum up, the Y-axis of CNC lathes plays a crucial role in the machining process. By precisely controlling the longitudinal movement of the workpiece, it realizes the longitudinal cutting and processing of the workpiece, improves the processing efficiency and stability, and supports the processing of a variety of processing methods and complex workpieces. It is an indispensable part of CNC lathes, which is of great significance to ensure processing quality and improve production efficiency.

In the manufacturing industry, the lathe is an important tool for machining metals and other materials. In the design of lathes, flat bed lathes and inclined bed lathes are two common types. There are some obvious differences in appearance and structure. First of all, in terms of appearance, there are significant differences between flat bed lathes and inclined bed lathes. The bed of a flat bed lathe is horizontal, while the bed of a slanted bed lathe is beveled. This difference in appearance gives them a unique character that gives a different visual perception. Secondly, from the structural point of view, there are also some differences between flat bed lathes and inclined bed lathes. The tool holder of the flat bed lathe and the workpiece holding device are located on the same side of the bed and are placed horizontally. The tool holder and workpiece holding device of the inclined bed lathe are located on the inclined plane of the bed and are inclined. This structural difference makes the inclined bed lathe have better cutting stability and rigidity during machining. In addition, there are some differences in the use of flat bed lathes and inclined bed lathes. Due to the design of the bed plane, the workpiece clamping is relatively stable, and it is suitable for processing larger and heavier workpieces. Because of the inclined design of the bed, the cutting force can be better distributed, which is suitable for processing some smaller sizes and lighter workpieces. In general, there are some differences between flat bed lathes and inclined bed lathes in appearance, structure and use. Each type of lathe has its own unique advantages and scope of application. When choosing to use, it is necessary to select according to the specific processing requirements and workpiece characteristics. Whether it is flat bed lathe or inclined bed lathe, they play an important role in the manufacturing industry, providing solid technical support for the development of all walks of life.

Compared with the cylindrical surface processing, the conditions of hole processing are much worse, and it is more difficult to process holes than to process the cylindrical surface. This is because: 1) The size of the tool used in hole processing is limited by the size of the hole being processed, and the rigidity is poor, which is easy to produce bending deformation and vibration; 2) When machining the hole with a fixed-size tool, the size of the hole processing often directly depends on the corresponding size of the tool, and the manufacturing error and wear of the tool will directly affect the processing accuracy of the hole; 3) When machining holes, the cutting area is inside the workpiece, the chip removal and heat dissipation conditions are poor, and the processing accuracy and surface quality are not easy to control. Drilling and reaming (1) Drill holes Drilling is the first process of machining holes on solid materials, and the diameter of the drilling hole is generally less than 80mm. There are two ways of drilling: one is the bit rotation; The other is workpiece rotation. The error generated by the above two drilling methods is not the same, in the drilling method of the bit rotation, due to the asymmetry of the cutting edge and the insufficient rigidity of the bit and the bit deflection, the center line of the hole will be skewed or not straight, but the aperture is basically unchanged; On the contrary, in the drilling method of workpiece rotation, the bit deflection will cause the aperture to change, but the center line of the hole is still straight. Commonly used drilling knives have: twist drill, center drill, deep hole drill, etc., of which the most commonly used is twist drill, its diameter specification is Φ0.1-80mm. Due to structural limitations, the bending stiffness and torsional rigidity of the drill bit are low, coupled with poor centering, the drilling accuracy is low, generally only IT13 ~ IT11; The surface roughness is also large, Ra is generally 50~12.5μm; However, the metal removal rate of drilling is large and the cutting efficiency is high. Drilling is mainly used for processing holes with low quality requirements, such as bolt holes, thread bottom holes, oil holes, etc. For holes with high machining accuracy and surface quality requirements, they should be achieved by reaming, reaming, boring or grinding in subsequent processing. (2) Reaming Reaming is to further process the hole that has been drilled, cast or forged with a reaming drill to enlarge the aperture and improve the processing quality of the hole. Reaming can be used either as a pre-processing before finishing the hole or as the final processing of the hole with low requirements. Reaming drill is similar to twist drill, but has more teeth and no cross edge. Compared with drilling, reaming has the following characteristics: 1) The number of reaming drill teeth (3~8 teeth), good directivity, cutting is relatively stable; 2) Reaming drill without transverse edge, cutting conditions are good; 3) The processing allowance is small, the chip sink can be made shallower, the drill core can be made thicker, and the tool body strength and rigidity are better. The precision of reaming is generally IT11~IT10, and the surface roughness Ra is 12.5~6.3μm. Reaming is often used to process holes with smaller diameters. When drilling a large diameter hole (D ≥30mm), often use a small drill bit (diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 times of the aperture) to pre-drill, and then use the corresponding size of the hole reaming drill, which can improve the processing quality and production efficiency of the hole. In addition to processing cylindrical holes, reaming drills of various special shapes (also known as countersinks) can be used to process various countersunk seat holes and countersinks. The front face of the countersink is often equipped with a guide post, guided by a machined hole. reaming Reaming is one of the finishing methods of holes, which is widely used in production. For smaller holes, reaming is a more economical and practical machining method than internal grinding and fine boring. (1) Reamer Reamer is generally divided into two kinds of hand reamer and machine reamer. The handle part of the hand reamer is straight handle, the working part is longer, and the guiding function is better. The hand reamer has two kinds of structures: integral and adjustable outside diameter. The machine reamer has two kinds of structure with handle and sleeve. The reamer can not only process round holes, but also taper reamer can process taper holes. (2) Reaming process and its application Reaming allowance has a great influence on the quality of reaming, the allowance is too large, the load of the reamer is large, the cutting edge is soon blunted, it is not easy to obtain a smooth machining surface, and the dimensional tolerance is not easy to guarantee; The margin is too small to remove the knife marks left by the previous process, and naturally there is no role in improving the quality of hole processing. Generally, the margin of coarse hinge is 0.35~0.15mm, and that of fine hinge is 0.15~0.05mm. To avoid chip nodules, reaming is usually processed at a lower cutting speed (v < 8m/min for steel and cast iron with HSS reamers). The value of feed is related to the aperture to be machined, the larger the aperture, the larger the feed value, the feed rate of high-speed steel reamer processing steel and cast iron is usually 0.3~1mm/r. Reaming must be cooled, lubricated and cleaned with appropriate cutting fluid to prevent chip buildup and remove chips in time. Compared with grinding and boring, the reaming productivity is higher and the accuracy of the hole is easily guaranteed. However, reaming can not correct the position error of the hole axis, and the position accuracy of the hole should be guaranteed by the previous process. Reaming is not suitable for processing step holes and blind holes. The dimensional accuracy of reaming is generally IT9 ~ IT7, and the surface roughness Ra is generally 3.2~0.8μm. For medium-size holes with high precision requirements (such as IT7 precision holes), the driller - reamer - reamer process is a typical processing scheme commonly used in production. Bore a hole Boring is a machining method in which the prefabricated hole is enlarged with a cutting tool. The boring work can be carried out either on the boring machine or on the lathe. (1) Boring method There are three different machining methods for boring. 1) Workpiece rotation, cutting tool for feed movement on the lathe boring mostly belongs to this boring mode. The characteristics of the process are: the axis line of the hole after processing is consistent with the rotation axis of the workpiece, the roundness of the hole mainly depends on the rotation accuracy of the machine tool spindle, and the axial geometry error of the hole mainly depends on the position accuracy of the tool feed direction relative to the rotation axis of the workpiece. This boring method is suitable for machining holes with coaxial requirements on the surface of the outer circle. 2) Tool rotation, workpiece feed movement boring machine spindle drive boring tool rotation, table drive workpiece feed movement. 3) The tool rotates and makes the feed movement using this boring method to boring, the overhang length of the boring bar is changed, the force deformation of the boring bar is also changed, the aperture near the headstock is large, the aperture away from the headstock is small, forming a cone hole. In addition, with the increase of the overhang length of the boring bar, the bending deformation of the main shaft caused by its own weight also increases, and the axis of the machined hole will have a corresponding bending. This boring method is only suitable for machining short holes. (2) Diamond boring Compared with general boring, diamond boring is characterized by a small amount of back cutting, small feed, high cutting speed, it can obtain a high processing accuracy (IT7 ~ IT6) and a very smooth surface (Ra is 0.4~ 0.05μm). Diamond boring was originally processed with diamond boring tools, and is now commonly processed with cemented carbide, CBN and artificial diamond tools. Mainly used for processing non-ferrous metal workpieces, can also be used for processing cast iron and steel parts. The commonly used cutting parameters of diamond boring are: The amount of back cutting tool pre-boring is 0.2~0.6mm, The final boring is 0.1mm; The feed rate is 0.01~0.14mm/r; The cutting speed is 100~250m/min when processing cast iron, Steel processing is 150~300m/min, 300~2000m/min for processing non-ferrous metals. In order to ensure that the diamond boring machine can achieve high machining accuracy and surface quality, the machine tool (diamond boring machine) must have high geometric accuracy and stiffness, the main shaft of the machine tool supports the commonly used precision angular contact ball bearing or static pressure plain bearing, and the high-speed rotating parts must be accurately balanced; In addition, the movement of the feed mechanism must be very smooth to ensure that the table can do smooth low-speed feed movement. The machining quality of diamond boring is good, the production efficiency is high, and it is widely used in the final processing of precision holes in a large number of mass production, such as the engine cylinder hole, the piston pin hole, the main shaft hole on the spindle box of the machine tool. However, it should be noted that when machining ferrous metal products with diamond boring, only the boring tool made of cemented carbide and CBN can be used, and the boring tool made of diamond can not be used, because the carbon atoms in diamond have a large affinity with the iron group elements, and the tool life is low. (3) Boring tool Boring tool can be divided into single-edge boring tool and double-edge boring tool. (4) Boring process characteristics and application range Compared with the drilling, expanding and reaming process, the bore size is not limited by the tool size, and the boring has a strong error correction ability, and the deviation error of the original hole axis can be corrected by multiple cutting, and the boring can maintain a higher position accuracy with the positioning surface. Compared with the outer circle of the boring, due to the poor rigidity of the tool bar system, large deformation, poor heat dissipation and chip removal conditions, the hot deformation of the workpiece and the tool is relatively large, and the processing quality and production efficiency of the boring are not as high as the outer circle of the car. In summary, it can be seen that the processing range of boring is wide, and holes of different sizes and different precision levels can be processed. For holes and hole systems with large aperture, high size and position accuracy requirements, boring is almost the only processing method. The machining accuracy of boring is IT9 ~ IT7. Boring can be carried out on the boring machine, lathe, milling machine and other machine tools, which has the advantages of flexibility and flexibility, and is widely used in production. In mass production, boring die is often used to improve boring efficiency.

The level of integration and automation of the manufacturing industry has become an important standard to measure a country's scientific and technological strength. China is a big manufacturing country, covering the vast majority of the world's machining categories [1], among which numerical control technology and numerical control system have played a very important role. For various complex types of machining tasks, only CNC machining technologies and methods with more axis number linkage can be completed more efficiently [2]. Therefore, the design of multi-axis CNC system and multi-axis CNC machining method have become the core content to judge the competitiveness of machining and manufacturing industry [3]. At present, China has a certain gap with the world's advanced level in the development of 5-axis and 5-axis CNC system and CNC machining methods, which has also become a bottleneck problem restricting the depth of development of China's machining industry. Therefore, this paper takes 5-axis CNC system as the research object, through mathematical model analysis and control process research, gives its specific application in surface machining. 1. Mathematical model of pose of multi-axis CNC system The key to realize the control function and machining effect of multi-axis CNC system lies in the accurate characterization and reasonable dynamic connection of position and attitude. In this paper, the position and attitude of multi-axis CNC system are modeled in the form of homogeneous coordinates. The completion of a series of actions of a multi-axis CNC machining system is manifested as the cumulative effect of rotation and displacement of each joint and each axis in three-dimensional space. Therefore, to describe the multi-axis CNC system mathematically, it depends on the characterization of the rotation matrix and the translation matrix. Machining process control of multi-axis CNC system After the numerical control system with multi-axis linkage can be described by mathematical model, how to set the numerical control program and let the system complete the machining task according to the established route is the difficulty of the whole numerical control process. In this paper, a real-time pulse control algorithm, RTPA (Real time pulse algorithm), is designed for the machining process of multi-axis CNC system. The process of CNC machining is generally realized and completed by interpolation algorithm, and the control of each axis in CNC machining is realized according to the pulse of the stepper motor, which needs to form the corresponding relationship between the interpolation process and the pulse generation time series. However, the real-time performance of the traditional interpolation process based on pulse frequency is not ideal. Therefore, this paper designs a new pulse generation algorithm with better real-time performance from the perspective of V-F transform algorithm (voltage-frequency). The pulse train generated by this algorithm can realize more effective control of multi-axis CNC system. Simulation test of surface machining for multi-axis numerical control system In the previous work, the position and attitude modeling and RTPA control algorithm design were carried out respectively for the multi-axis linkage CNC system, and the effective control strategy of the multi-axis linkage CNC system was determined through the influence analysis of key parameters. Next, simulation experiments are carried out to verify the control performance of the RTPA algorithm proposed in this paper. The simulation test chooses surface machining as the machining object of multi-axis CNC system. The surface has certain complexity in various machining units, and the control algorithm has relatively fine requirements. The machining of the whole surface is completed by continuous curve machining trajectory. In this paper, the numerical control system with multi-axis linkage is studied. Firstly, in the form of homogeneous coordinates, the position and attitude changes at any joint of the multi-axis linkage system are modeled, and the generation processes of translation matrix and rotation matrix are derived. Secondly, based on comparator, counter and generator components, a feedback RTPA algorithm is constructed, which is used for the actual control in the machining process of multi-axis CNC system. Finally, a validation test is carried out with surface simulation machining as an example. The test results show that the section data machining route method based on CC path combined with Z-shape cutting tool can be successfully completed. At the same time, the RTPA algorithm can effectively control the displacement and velocity in the three axis directions.

Laser cutting is to use a focusing mirror to focus the laser beam on the surface of the material, so that the material melts, vaporizes, ablates, and at the same time uses the compressed gas coaxial with the laser beam to blow off the molten material, and makes the laser beam and the material move relative to each other along a certain trajectory, thus forming a certain shape of the slit to complete the cutting of the material. Laser cutting has the advantages of high precision, narrow slit, smooth cutting surface, fast speed, good processing quality and wide processing materials. At present, laser cutting technology has been widely used in many fields. Complete sets of electrical enclosures are mostly sheet metal parts, laser cutting has become a common processing method in the sheet metal industry because of its low processing cost, high efficiency, and many types of processing materials. However, the sweet melon bitter, there is no whole country, its processing process attached to the slag, the associated burr but to the site management personnel too much trouble. The cause and influence of burr in laser processing By understanding the working principle and daily practice of laser cutting, it is concluded that there are six main reasons for burrs: (1) The deviation of the upper and lower position of the laser beam focus causes the energy to be not concentrated, the workpiece gasification is not sufficient, the slag accumulation is not easy to fall off, and it is easy to produce burrs; (2) Laser output power is not enough to effectively evaporate metal, resulting in a large number of slag and burrs; (3) The auxiliary gas type, purity and blowing pressure of the laser cutting machine do not meet the requirements, causing burrs; (4) The cutting speed is too slow when laser cutting works, which destroys the surface quality of the cutting surface and produces burrs; (5) The working time of the laser cutting machine is too long, which causes the working state of the equipment to be unstable and will also cause burrs; (6) Laser cutting equipment is insufficient, such as the laser base sawtooth tray depth is small, taper is insufficient, so the contact area with the plate is too large, resulting in laser breakdown blocked during processing, gas flow obstruction, easy to produce slag adhesion, slag rebound, the formation of burrs The existence of burrs in the corners of the workpiece will seriously affect the subsequent bending, welding and assembly accuracy, and there are certain safety risks for the operators. If the burr workpiece is applied to the air box of the ring cabinet produced by our company, it will have a great impact on the air tightness; When used in electrical systems, it will also cause circuit short circuit or damage the magnetic field due to burr falling off, affecting the normal operation of the system or bringing other hazards. Method of preventing burr in laser processing Adjust equipment parameters According to different processing materials repeatedly adjust its power, air pressure, flow, focal length, feed speed and other parameters until the best state, save the recorded data to facilitate subsequent batch processing, only relying on the parameters provided by the machine is not cut out the exquisite workpiece. Selective auxiliary gas The application of auxiliary gases will also affect the processing quality, so different auxiliary gases should be selected according to different processing materials. Such as cutting stainless steel, it is recommended to use nitrogen as an auxiliary gas, nitrogen is often called an inert gas, laser processing nitrogen not only prevents the laser cutting of the burst point phenomenon, but also makes the heated end face will not be oxidized instantaneously, the cut end face will be more smooth and bright. The purity of the gas is also very important, try to choose high purity gas. Check equipment parts For the equipment that has been used for a long time, the processing quality will also be reduced due to the aging, pollution and damage of its key accessories, resulting in burrs. If the lens is polluted by oil, there are small cracks, and the cutting nozzle is damaged, it will affect the transmission of laser power. These can be judged by observing whether the light spots formed are rounded. If the light spots are rounded, the transverse distribution of laser energy is uniform and the cutting quality is high. Cutting quality can also be guaranteed by regular inspection of key components. Optimize equipment structure In actual production, the equipment structure can be improved according to the different workpieces processed. If the contact area between the serrated tray and the plate of the laser base is too large, it is easy to produce burrs, which can reduce the taper and increase the depth of the teeth according to the specific situation.

From the number of axes, CNC lathes are controlled by two axes, and the machining center is at least three-axis control (can be four axes, five axes); From the processing range, CNC lathe is mainly used to process rotary parts, and the machining center is used to process some curved grooves and so on; From the point of view of the tool library, the CNC lathe does not have a tool library, and the CNC machining center refers to the machine tool with a tool library. The biggest difference between CNC machining center and CNC lathe is that the machining center has the ability to automatically exchange machining tools, through the installation of different tools on the tool library, the ability to automatically exchange machining tools in a clip, By installing different tools on the tool library, the machining tool on the spindle can be changed through the automatic tool changing device in a single clamping, to achieve a variety of machining functions. The workpiece of the machining center is clamped at one time, and all processes can be completed, which can ensure a variety of accuracy, and the CNC lathe is only to complete the processing of one process. Programming basic code is the same, but limited special instructions may not be common across systems. The machining center has powerful functions, which integrates milling, grinding, tapping and other functions, and is a relatively comprehensive CNC machine tool product. It can be said that you can use the processing center to do any hardware products and mold products. The powerful processing center is far more than these, he operates stable, safe, highly efficient, and less human output. The products produced are smooth and textured, with good dimensional accuracy.

Now, thanks to the development of technology, the development of five-axis machining technology is becoming more and more mature, and the processing capacity is also recognized by everyone in various fields. Five-axis machining is not only suitable for box parts, plate cover parts, special processing, but also especially suitable for special-shaped parts and complex surface processing. Moreover, we are more and more aware of the benefits of five-axis machining, not only can save time, obtain accurate cutting Angle, extend tool life and other characteristics, in fact, five-axis machining has more significant advantages, such as: 1. Five-axis machining has better workpiece surface finish In the profile geometry of machined parts, the five-axis machining function can improve the surface finish of the workpiece. When machining with three-axis machine tools, longer lead times are required because they require very small cuts to produce. With the same surface finish offered on a five-axis CNC machine, the five-axis machining brings the part closer to the cutting tool. Because the five-axis cnc machining produces less vibration, the surface finish of the workpiece is also improved. 2. Five-axis machining can improve accuracy and extend the service life of the tool Five-axis machining can improve accuracy by reducing Settings. Because more Settings mean more potential room for error. Some work can even be done in a single setting, greatly reducing the risk of errors. At the same time, the use of shorter tools can extend the tool life. The five-axis machine brings the head closer to the surface of the cutter. This allows for the use of higher cutting speeds, which results in an extended tool life as vibration is reduced. 3. Five-axis machining centers can save money By saving user time, five-axis CNC machine tools can also save money directly. Since improved tool life for five-axis machining means fewer tools are needed, improved accuracy means a reduced risk of costly errors. Moreover, there are many other ways to save money on five-axis CNC machines, including reducing footprint, improving flexibility and spindle utilization, reducing the need for expensive fixtures, and reducing inventory investment. Although it is an expensive investment in the early stages of five-axis cnc machine tools, the combination of reduced total expenditure and other advantages makes CNC five-axis machine tools a wise choice for many machining manufacturers.

Comparison of machine layout The plane where the two guide rails of the flat bed CNC lathe are located is parallel to the ground plane. The plane where the two guide rails of the inclined bed CNC lathe are located intersects with the ground plane to form a inclined plane, and the Angle is 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75°. From the side of the machine tool, the bed of the flat bed CNC lathe is square, and the bed of the inclined bed CNC lathe is a right triangle. It is obvious that in the case of the same guide width, the X-direction drag plate of the inclined bed is longer than that of the flat bed, and the practical significance of the application in the lathe is that more tool numbers can be arranged. Cutting rigidity comparison The cross-sectional area of the inclined bed CNC lathe is larger than that of the flat bed of the same specification, that is, the bending and torsional resistance is stronger. The cutting tool of the oblique bed CNC lathe is to cut down on the diagonal of the workpiece, and the cutting force is basically the same as the gravity direction of the workpiece, so the main shaft runs relatively smoothly, which is not easy to cause cutting vibration, and the cutting force generated by the tool and the workpiece is 90° with the gravity of the workpiece when the flat bed CNC lathe is cutting Machining accuracy comparison The transmission screw of CNC lathe is a high-precision ball screw, the transmission gap between the screw and the nut is very small, but it does not mean that there is no gap, and as long as there is a gap, when the screw moves in one direction and then reverse transmission, it will inevitably produce reverse gap, and the reverse gap will affect the repeated positioning accuracy of CNC lathe, thus affecting the processing accuracy. The layout of the inclined bed CNC lathe can directly affect the clearance of the ball screw in the X direction, and the gravity directly acts on the axial direction of the screw, so that the reverse clearance during transmission is almost zero. The X direction screw of the flat bed CNC lathe is not affected by axial gravity, and the gap cannot be directly eliminated. This is the inherent precision advantage brought by the design to the inclined bed CNC lathe. Comparison of chip removal ability Because of the relationship of gravity, CNC lathe with inclined bed is not easy to produce winding tool, which is conducive to chip removal; At the same time, with the central screw and guide rail protection sheet metal, can avoid the accumulation of chips on the screw and guide rail. Inclined bed CNC lathes are generally equipped with automatic chip removal machine, which can automatically remove chips and increase the effective working time of workers. The structure of flat bed is difficult to install automatic chip removal machine. Automatic production comparison The increase in the number of tool bits and the configuration of the automatic chip removal machine are actually laying the foundation for automated production. One person on duty for multiple machine tools has always been the direction of machine tool development. Inclined bed CNC lathe and then add milling power head, automatic feeding machine or manipulator, automatic feeding, one clamping to complete all the chip cutting process, automatic feeding, automatic chip removal, it becomes an automatic CNC lathe with high efficiency. The structure of flat bed CNC lathes is at a disadvantage in automatic production. Although the inclined bed CNC lathe is more advanced than the flat bed CNC lathe, its market share is far behind. The advantages of easy production of flat bed CNC lathes occupy more than 90% of the market share of CNC lathes.

1. Positioning of vertical machining center specimen: The test piece should be located in the middle of the X stroke and along the Y and Z axes in the appropriate position for the test piece and fixture positioning and tool length. When there are special requirements for the positioning position of the specimen, it should be specified in the agreement between the manufacturer and the user. 2. Fixing of specimen: The test piece should be easily installed on a dedicated fixture to achieve maximum stability of the tool and fixture. The mounting surface of the fixture and specimen should be straight. The parallelism between the mounting surface of the specimen and the clamping surface of the fixture should be tested. A suitable clamping method should be used so that the tool can be penetrated through and machined the full length of the center hole. Countersunk screws are recommended to fix the specimen to avoid tool and screw interference, or other equivalent methods can be used. The total height of the specimen depends on the fixation method chosen. It is estimated that there will be a machining center in the workshop, and the accuracy of a machining center is crucial, because the accuracy of the machining center affects the quality of processing, so the accuracy of the machining center has been studying ways to reduce errors as much as possible. So how to judge the accuracy of a machining center? Let's talk about four aspects. 1. Positioning of vertical machining center specimen: The test piece should be located in the middle of the X stroke and along the Y and Z axes in the appropriate position for the test piece and fixture positioning and tool length. When there are special requirements for the positioning position of the specimen, it should be specified in the agreement between the manufacturer and the user. 2. Fixing of specimen: The test piece should be easily installed on a dedicated fixture to achieve maximum stability of the tool and fixture. The mounting surface of the fixture and specimen should be straight. The parallelism between the mounting surface of the specimen and the clamping surface of the fixture should be tested. A suitable clamping method should be used so that the tool can be penetrated through and machined the full length of the center hole. Countersunk screws are recommended to fix the specimen to avoid tool and screw interference, or other equivalent methods can be used. The total height of the specimen depends on the fixation method chosen. 1689817113123555.jpg 3. Material, tool and cutting parameters of the specimen: The materials, cutting tools and cutting parameters of the test pieces are selected according to the agreement between the manufacturer and the user, and should be recorded. The recommended cutting parameters are as follows: 1) Cutting speed: cast iron is about 50m/min; Aluminum parts are about 300m/min. 2) Feed rate: about (0.05~0.10) mm/ tooth. 3) Cutting depth: the radial cutting depth of all milling operations should be 0.2mm. 4. Size of the specimen: If the specimen is cut several times, the outline size is reduced, and the aperture is increased, when used for acceptance inspection, it is recommended to choose the final contour machining specimen size consistent with that specified in this standard, so as to truthfully reflect the cutting accuracy of the machining center. The test pieces can be used repeatedly in cutting tests and their specifications should be kept within 10% of the characteristic dimensions given in this standard. When the specimen is used again, a thin layer cutting should be performed to clean all surfaces before a new fine cutting test is carried out. When the dynamic tracking error is too large and the alarm, you can check: servo motor speed is too high; Whether the position detection element is good; Position feedback cable connector is in good contact; Whether the corresponding analog output latch and gain potentiometer are good; Whether the corresponding servo drive device is normal. If the machining accuracy is not good due to overshoot when the machine tool is moving, the acceleration and deceleration time may be too short, and the speed change time can be appropriately extended; It may also be that the connection between the servo motor and the lead screw is loose or too rigid, which can appropriately reduce the gain of the position ring, which may be the roundness of the two-axis linkage, and this deformation may be caused by the mechanical adjustment. The positioning accuracy of the shaft is not good, or the lead screw gap compensation is improper, which will lead to roundness error when it crosses the quadrant.

In recent years, the five-axis machining center has been more and more widely used in various fields. In practical applications, whenever people encounter the problem of efficient and high-quality machining of special-shaped complex parts, the five-axis linkage technology is undoubtedly an important means to solve such problems. More and more manufacturers tend to look for five-axis equipment to meet the high efficiency, high quality processing. But do you really know enough about five-axis machining? Compared with three-axis CNC machining equipment, five-axis machining centers have the following advantages: 1, keep the tool intact, improve cutting conditions As the cutting tool moves to the top or edge of the workpiece, the cutting state gradually deteriorates. In order to maintain good cutting conditions, you need to rotate the table. If we want to finish machining irregular planes, we have to rotate the table many times in different directions. It can be seen that the five-axis machine can also avoid the ball end milling cutter center point line speed of zero, in order to obtain better surface quality. 2. Effectively avoid tool interference For the impeller, blade and integral disc used in the aerospace field, the three-axis equipment cannot meet the process requirements due to interference. And five-axis machine tools can be met. At the same time, the five-axis machine can also use shorter tools for machining, improve system stiffness, reduce the number of tools, and avoid tool production. For our business owners, this means that in terms of tool costs, five-axis machines will give you money! 3. Reduce the number of clamping, one clamping to complete five surface processing The five-axis machining center can also reduce reference conversion and improve machining accuracy. In the actual processing, only one clamping, processing accuracy is easier to ensure. At the same time, due to the shortening of the process chain and the reduction of the number of equipment, the number of fixtures, workshop area and equipment maintenance costs are also reduced. This means you can use fewer fixtures, less plant space and less maintenance costs for more efficient, higher quality machining! 4. Improve processing quality and efficiency The five-axis machine tool can be cut with the tool side edge, and the processing efficiency is higher 5. Shorten the production process chain and simplify production management The complete machining of the five-axis CNC machine tool greatly shortens the production process chain and simplifies production management and scheduling. The more complex the workpiece, the greater its advantages over the traditional process of decentralized production methods. 6, shorten the new product development cycle For enterprises in aerospace, automotive and other fields, some new product parts and molding molds have complex shapes and high precision, so they have the characteristics of high flexibility, high precision, high precision, etc., the high integration and complete processing capacity of the five-axis CNC machining center is a good way to solve the problem of processing accuracy and cycle of complex parts in the process of new product development, which greatly reduces the research and development cycle. Improve the success rate of new products.

01 Numerical control system The ASCA handstand CNC system is available in two specifications, and customers can choose the Siemens SINUMERIK 828D and SINUMERIK 840Dsl systems according to their workpiece processing requirements. Among them, Siemens 828D numerical control system has the characteristics of low economic cost, high numerical control performance and easy debugging. If customers have higher performance requirements, they can upgrade to the 840Dsl system, which has the dual channel function of the system to further compress the processing beat, giving time efficient value. In addition, in order to ensure safe production, the inverted car is also equipped with an additional Siemens safety integration module to ensure the personal safety of the operator to the greatest extent. 02 Electric box ASCA inverted car electric box is supplied by our partner "Mecano" overall assembly, the main electrical components are internationally renowned brands, stability and reliability with international standards. Among them, the air switch, contactor and button switch are Siemens, the relay is Wanke and Phoenix, the voltage regulator is Puls, the transformer is Moore, the electric box air conditioner is Berenberg, the security door lock is ANSerneng, and the terminal block is Weidmuller. The selection of electrical components can ensure the safe and stable operation of the electrical system. 03 Cable ASCA handstand cars all use IGus brand cables. The cable is sent to the assembly site by IGUS after the unified cutting, numbering and cord end terminal work, and then by professional electricians for threading and wiring. In this way, the consistency of on-site assembly is ensured to the greatest extent.

Main parameters of ball screw When it comes to the selection of ball screw, we need to first talk about its common parameters, and then we can start from these parameters to determine its model. 1. Nominal diameter That is, the outer diameter of the screw, the common specifications are 12, 14, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, 120, but please note that in these specifications, the manufacturers generally only prepare 16~50 goods, that is to say, most of the other diameters are futures (see single production, delivery time is about 30~60 days, Japanese products are about 2 to 2.5 months, European and American products are about 3 to 4 months). Nominal diameter and load are basically proportional, the larger the diameter of the larger the load, the specific value can consult the manufacturer's product sample. Only two concepts are described here: dynamic rated load and static rated load, the former refers to the rated axial load in the state of motion, the latter refers to the rated axial load in the state of rest. Refer to the former when designing. It should be noted that the rated load is not the maximum load, and the smaller the ratio between the actual load and the rated load, the higher the theoretical life of the lead screw. Recommended: The diameter should be 16~63. 2. Lead The lead refers to the distance that the screw rotates once and the nut moves in a straight line. Common leads are (unit: mm) : 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, and the parameters related to the lead are the nut movement speed and the linear thrust provided by the ball screw. The larger the lead, the faster the linear motion speed under the same speed, the specific calculation relationship is: v=ri. Where v is the moving speed of the nut (unit: mm/s); r - the rotating speed of the lead screw (unit: r/s); i -- lead (unit: mm). Relationship between lead and screw thrust: F= (2πTn) /i. Where F -- screw thrust (unit: N); T -- torque provided by the motor (unit N·m); n -- transmission efficiency (the transmission efficiency of ball screw is generally 85% to 95%); i -- lead (in m). Step 3: Length There are two concepts of length, one is the total length and the other is the length of the thread. Some manufacturers only calculate total length, but others need to provide thread length. There are also two parts in the thread length, one is the full length of the thread and one is the effective stroke. The former refers to the total length of the thread part, the latter refers to the theoretical maximum length of the nut moving in a straight line, the length of the thread = effective stroke + nut length + design margin (if you need to install a protective cover, but also consider the length of the compressed protective cover, generally calculated by 1/8 of the maximum length of the protective cover). When designing the drawing, the total length of the lead screw can be roughly accumulated according to the following parameters: Total length of the lead screw = effective stroke + nut length + design margin + support length at both ends (bearing width + lock nut width + margin) + power input connection length (if the coupling is used, it is roughly half the length of the coupling + margin). In particular, it should be noted that if your length is very long (greater than 3 meters) or the length-to-diameter ratio is very large (greater than 70), it is best to consult the manufacturer's sales staff in advance to produce, the overall situation is that the maximum length of domestic manufacturers' conventional products is 3 meters, special products are 16 meters, foreign manufacturers' conventional products are 6 meters, special products are 22 meters. Of course, it is not to say that domestic manufacturers can not produce longer, but the price of fixed products is more outrageous. Recommended: try to choose the length below 6 meters, more than the rack and pinion more cost-effective. 4. Nut form There are many kinds of nut forms on the product samples of various manufacturers, and the first few letters in the general model indicate the nut form. According to the flange form, there are about round flange, single cut flange, double cut flange and no flange. There are single nuts and double nuts according to the length of the nut (note that single nuts and double nuts have no load and rigidity difference, this point do not listen to the speech of the manufacturer's sales staff, the main difference between single nuts and double nuts is that the latter can adjust the preload and the former can not, and the price and length of the latter are roughly 2 times of the former). If the installation size and performance allow, the designer should try to choose the conventional form when selecting, in order to avoid the delivery of spare parts during maintenance. Recommended: Double nuts for frequent movements and high-precision maintenance, and double nuts with single side for other occasions. Recommended: Try to choose internal circulation double cut flange single nut. Step 5: Precision Ball screw, according to domestic classification, accuracy levels are P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P7, P10, Japan, South Korea, as well as Taiwan Province of China using JIS grade, that is, C0, C1, C2, C3, C5, C7, C10; European standards are IT0, IT1, IT2, IT3, IT4, IT5, IT7, IT10. In general, like our company to purchase are Taiwan's ball screw, cost-effective, followed by Japan. The accuracy is expressed as follows: no matter how long your ball screw is, take a section of 300mm, the error is within the accuracy represented by the grade, and the accuracy represented by each grade is as follows. Wechat Image_20230625095039.jpg In general, ordinary machinery uses C7, C10 level, CNC equipment generally uses C5, C3 level (C5 more, most of the domestic CNC machine tools are C5 level), aviation manufacturing equipment, precision projection and coordinate measuring equipment generally use C3, C2 accuracy. In addition, C7, C10 grade is generally manufactured by rolling method, and C5 grade and above are manufactured by grinding method. In summary, the precision grade of the ball screw commonly used in non-standard design is C7 () rolling method manufacturing or some people call it conversion), and the accuracy grade of the ball screw has higher requirements, C5 (grinding method manufacturing) is also sufficient. Of course, I still want to say that we should analyze specific problems. 6. Preload level Also called preloading, about preloading, we do not need to understand the specific preloading force and preloading method, only need to select the preloading level according to the manufacturer's sample. The higher the preload level, the tighter the fit between nut and screw; On the contrary, the lower the grade, the looser. The principle to follow is: large diameter, double nuts, high precision, large driving torque, when the application of the screw appears above, the prepressure level can be selected higher, and vice versa. Type selection After understanding the main parameters of the screw, we can select the type according to our own requirements. The first step: according to the above "classification of ball screw" mentioned in the various screw application scenarios, determine the type of screw suitable for their own working conditions; At the same time, it is also possible to determine the precision level of the screw (generally C7) and the preloading level; Step 2: According to the size of the load, determine the shaft diameter of the ball screw; Step 3: Determine the lead according to the moving speed required by the load; After determining the lead, the torque to be provided by the drive motor is determined according to the relationship between the thrust and the lead. The details are as follows: The object is moving vertically up and down, the weight is 60Kg, and the required moving speed is 1m/s. 1) If you choose the servo motor as the drive, the rated speed is 3000r/min=50r/s, according to the formula: v=ri, determine the lead is 20; 2) Then calculate the size of the load: assuming that the acceleration and deceleration time of the servo motor is set to 0.3s, then the acceleration is 3.3m/s², and the load F=600+60*3.3=798N (friction force is ignored here); 3) According to the formula: F= (2πTn) /i, taking 90% of n, T≈2.82N·m is calculated, and the rated torque of 1kW servo motor is 3.18N·m, which meets the requirements. Above, the model of the ball screw is basically determined, and finally, according to the stroke you need to use, and the screw installation method mentioned above, the length of the screw is determined.

Machining center is an advanced equipment for precision manufacturing. It has the characteristics of high precision, high efficiency and high stability, and is widely used in aviation, automobile, electronics, medical equipment, mold and other manufacturing fields. The high speed spindle is adopted, which greatly improves the processing speed. Traditional machining equipment usually uses a low-speed spindle, which leads to low processing efficiency due to its slow speed. The high-speed spindle can complete more processing operations in a short time, thus improving production efficiency. In addition, the high-speed spindle can also avoid the vibration and noise generated during the machining process, so as to ensure the surface quality and accuracy of the workpiece. It is also equipped with a high-precision control system and sensors. These devices can monitor the parameters of the processing process in real time and automatically adjust the machine to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the processing. In this way, high precision machining requirements can be achieved, such as machining small parts, smooth surfaces and complex shapes. It also has multi-axis control and automatic operation functions. Multi-axis control enables the machine to perform multiple machining operations simultaneously, increasing productivity and flexibility. Automated operation can reduce human intervention, avoid the impact of human error and fatigue, and improve the control of key parameters. Machining center high speed machine is a kind of energy saving and environmental protection equipment. Traditional processing equipment usually requires a lot of cooling water, cooling oil, air sources and other resources, some of which will cause pollution. The machining center high-speed machine uses new materials and technologies, which reduces the dependence and use of resources as much as possible without affecting the processing effect. To sum up, it plays a crucial role in the field of modern manufacturing. It provides high-precision, high-efficiency and high-stability solutions for various manufacturing industries, and promotes industry development and technological progress.